A right-line boundary must follow the shortest distance between 2 boundary points.

An arc boundary must follow part of the circumference of a horizontal circle.

An irregular boundary must follow an irregular line.

An irregular boundary must not be used unless expressly allowed by these rules.

An existing irregular boundary on a new primary parcel must be converted to 1 or more right-line boundaries unless it is—

A water boundary must follow the landward margin of—

If the margin of a water body has moved as a result of accretion or erosion,—

If the margin of a water body has moved by processes other than accretion or erosion, the existing water boundary may be—

A water centre-line boundary follows the line midway between the landward margins of a stream or river bed.

An existing irregular boundary that followed the centre-line of a water body may be adopted in its previously defined position as a water centre-line boundary.

A new boundary must not be a water centre-line boundary.

A height-limited boundary must define the upper or lower extent of a parcel.

The boundary must be—

The following boundaries and boundary points must be defined by survey:

In these rules, information is adopted by incorporating in a CSD—

In these rules, a boundary is accepted if the boundary is adopted without having to comply with an accuracy standard.

An existing primary parcel boundary and its associated boundary points may be accepted if—

An existing boundary and boundary points of a balance parcel or residue parcel that is not common with another new parcel on the survey may be accepted.

An existing boundary and its associated boundary points that are part of a new primary parcel over 100 ha and that are not in common with another new parcel on the survey that is 100 ha or less may be accepted.

Every bearing in a cadastral survey that defines or marks a new primary parcel boundary point must be oriented in terms of an official projection applicable to the area (see Schedule 3).

However, subclause (1) does not apply if the survey does not make a new field measurement.

Every bearing in a cadastral survey must be expressed in terms of the same horizontal projection.

A new boundary point, a new boundary mark, and an old boundary mark on a primary parcel being created must be connected by 1 or more vectors to—

The vectors required by subclause (1) must be adopted or measured.

All reduced levels in a survey must be expressed in terms of a single official vertical datum (see Schedule 5).

If 1 or more vertical control marks (see Schedule 6) exist within 1,000 m of any new height-limited boundary point that is defined by a reduced level, at least 1 of those vertical control marks must be included in the survey.

If no vertical control mark exists within 1,000 m of any boundary point referred to in subclause (2), a vertical control mark at any distance must be included in the survey.

The horizontal accuracy between any 2 new or old non-boundary marks must not exceed—

The vertical accuracy between any 2 new or old non-boundary marks must not exceed—

The horizontal accuracy between any adopted cadastral survey network mark and a new or an old non-boundary mark must not exceed—

The vertical accuracy between any vertical control mark and a new height-limited boundary point must not exceed—

The accuracy between a boundary point required by these rules to be referenced and all old and new non-boundary marks within the distances specified in rule 32, 51(2), or 61(4) must not exceed the tolerance specified for the relevant class in table 1.

Table 1: Accuracy tolerances for boundary referencing

Class A accuracies must be used for a boundary and its associated boundary points that are—

Class A accuracies must be used for the boundary and the associated boundary points of any parcel that is not in an urban area, but is used, or is intended as a result of a survey to be used intensively, for commercial, industrial, or residential purposes.

Class A accuracies may be used in any other circumstances instead of class B or class C accuracies.

Class B accuracies must be used for a boundary and its associated boundary points unless—

Class C accuracies may be used for an existing primary parcel boundary and its associated boundary points that are adopted if —

Class D must be used for a boundary and its associated boundary points that have been accepted under rule 15.

The accuracy class that applies to a boundary point must be the most accurate class of the boundaries connected to that point.

The horizontal and vertical accuracy between any boundary point and any other boundary point on a parcel under survey must not exceed the tolerance specified for the relevant class in table 2.

Table 2: Accuracy tolerances for boundary points

If 2 boundary points have different accuracy classes, the less accurate tolerance applies between those 2 points.

The accuracy standards in subclause (1) also apply when reinstating a boundary.

The accuracy standards in subclause (1) also apply between the boundary points of a non-primary parcel and the boundary points of its underlying parcel if that underlying parcel is not created by the survey.

The relationship between a new boundary and any other boundary, including a boundary that is accepted or adopted, must be determined to a sufficient level of accuracy to address the risk of incompatible rights overlapping.

Accuracy classes do not apply to a water boundary, a water centre-line boundary, or an irregular boundary.

The position of a water boundary, a water centre-line boundary, or an irregular boundary, including an adopted boundary, must be determined to a sufficient level of accuracy to take into account—

However, subclause (2) does not apply to accepted water boundaries, accepted water centre-line boundaries, or accepted irregular boundaries.

If a right-line boundary intersects a water boundary, a water centre-line boundary, or an irregular boundary,—

The following points or marks on a cadastral survey must be referenced by a permanent reference mark:

If a boundary point is required by these rules to be referenced, that boundary point must—

The survey must include at least 3 PRMs that are each within the applicable distance in subclause (1) of at least 1 boundary point that is required to be referenced.

A PRM must be likely to remain usable and not be disturbed in the foreseeable future, and accordingly be—

An adopted mark must not be used as a PRM.

In the case of a height-limited boundary point that is required by these rules to be referenced, at least 2 of the PRMs required by rule 32 must have a reduced level.

A new boundary point on a new primary parcel must be marked, if practicable, unless—

The following boundary points on an existing boundary of a new primary parcel must be marked, if practicable:

A boundary of a parcel that is to remain limited as to parcels must not be marked unless it is also part of a parcel that is required by subclause (2)(d) to be marked.

A new boundary mark must be—

A new boundary mark must be—

A disturbed boundary mark may be removed or driven below the surface.

Subclause (1) is treated as prior written approval of the Surveyor-General under section 55(5) of the Act.

A disturbed boundary or non-boundary mark must be treated as a new survey mark at its new position.

The horizontal extent of a primary parcel must be defined by—

The vertical extent of a primary parcel, where the vertical extent is limited, must be defined by a height-limited boundary.

This rule applies if a CSD creates a new primary parcel.

All land in existing primary parcels being extinguished must be included in 1 or more new primary parcels, residue parcels, or balance parcels.

If the new primary parcel has a height-limited boundary, all space occupied by existing primary parcels being extinguished must be included in 1 or more new primary parcels, residue parcels, or balance parcels.

A new primary parcel must be at least—

However, subclause (1) does not apply to an existing parcel that is already under-width, a balance parcel, or a residue parcel.

An area must be assigned to a primary parcel unless it is a residue parcel or balance parcel, and the area must include the areas of all movable marginal strips in that primary parcel.

An area must be assigned to a parcel intended for a lease unless the parcel is defined by 1 or more permanent structure boundaries.

An area must be assigned to a portion of land being claimed as accretion, dry stream bed, or adverse possession.

If a parcel requires an area under this rule and its shape varies with height, the required area is the area of the polygon described by the extent of the parcel when vertically projected onto the horizontal plane.

An area assigned to a parcel—

A new parcel (except a parcel of Māori freehold land, a balance parcel, or a residue parcel) must be identified in a CSD using the following components in the order stated:

Appellations for the following parcels must have the prefix “Part”:

An existing appellation for a proposed unit created under a former Act or former survey regulations must retain its appellation.

A residue parcel that is being defined as the bed of a lake, river, or part of the common marine and coastal area must not be given an appellation.

The parcel type component of an appellation in rule 42(1)(a) must be as specified in table 3.

Table 3: Parcel type component of appellation

A new parcel of Māori freehold land in a CSD must be described using the following components in the order stated:

However, an alternative legal description that has been confirmed by the Māori Land Court may be used for the components in subclause (1)(a) and (b).

A unique parcel identifier must meet the following requirements:

Table 4: Unique parcel identifier format

The horizontal extent of a non-primary parcel must be defined by—

The vertical extent of a non-primary parcel, where the vertical extent is limited, must be defined by—

A non-primary parcel boundary must be in the same form as the underlying parcel boundary with which it coincides.

An irregular boundary must be used for the landward boundary of a movable marginal strip or esplanade strip that is not coincident with a right-line boundary.

A non-primary parcel boundary that coincides with the irregular landward boundary of a movable marginal strip or movable esplanade strip must also be irregular.

An existing irregular boundary on a non-primary parcel does not have to be converted to right-lines.

A non-primary parcel may cross a primary parcel boundary, but must not cross an estate boundary.

If the underlying parcel is not being created by the survey and part of an existing easement or covenant parcel is to be extinguished, then both the part to remain and the part to be surrendered or revoked must be defined by new parcels.

An existing centre-line easement must be represented as a polygon or polyhedron unless the width of the easement is unknown or accepted under rule 54.

A non-primary parcel boundary and its associated boundary points must be class A or class B, as applicable under rules 22 and 23, unless a less accurate class is permitted by these rules.

If the underlying parcel is not being created by the survey, the relationship of a non-primary parcel boundary to the underlying primary parcel—

If subclause (1) or rule 110(3) has been applied,—

If the underlying parcel is not being created by the survey and the relationship of a non-primary parcel to the underlying parcel is being accurately determined, a non-primary boundary that intersects an underlying parcel boundary may be class D and the coincident boundaries may be accepted.

If the underlying parcel is being created by the survey and the non-primary parcel intersects or coincides with an accepted boundary, the intersection must be class D and the coincident boundaries must be accepted.

Class D boundaries on an existing non-primary parcel must be upgraded to class A if the underlying primary parcel is being created with class A boundaries.

This rule does not apply if the non-primary parcel is for a unit or a lease.

Class C accuracies may be used for boundaries and associated boundary points of a non-primary parcel where that boundary intersects or coincides with a boundary of a new primary parcel that is—

Class C accuracies may be used for the boundaries and associated boundary points of a parcel that is for a covenant that would otherwise require class B accuracies.

Class C accuracies may be used for boundaries and associated boundary points of a new non-primary parcel for an easement if the underlying parcel or parcels are—

If class C accuracies have been used for easement and covenant parcel boundaries defined under rule 52(2) or (3), the relationship to the underlying primary parcel may be inaccurately determined.

In that case,—

An existing non-primary parcel boundary and its associated boundary points may be accepted if it is within a primary parcel over 100 ha that has accepted boundaries.

The decision tree set out below illustrates the different accuracy and survey requirements that can apply if the underlying parcel is not being created by the survey.

A permanent structure boundary may be used only for a parcel that is intended for—

A permanent structure boundary must—

The accuracy between the points on a permanent structure boundary and any other boundary must not exceed the applicable tolerances for boundary points specified in rule 27.

The relationship between all points on a permanent structure boundary and all points on the permanent structure must not exceed the applicable boundary referencing tolerances specified in rule 21.

This clause applies to unit title, company lease, and cross lease parcels.

The boundaries of an existing parcel may be accepted if—

If subclause (2) has been applied, the existing parcel appellation must be retained.

The boundary of a new parcel may be accepted if it is common with an unchanged parcel that is not a future development unit.

A CSD for a unit title development that is to be deposited in substitution for a previously deposited CSD must retain the same CSD number.

All new height-limited boundary points on a non-primary parcel must comply with the datum and vertical control mark requirements in rule 18, except as modified by rule 62.

A new height-limited boundary point on a unit parcel must be referenced to a PRM.

A new height-limited boundary point on a parcel for an easement, a lease, or a covenant does not require a PRM.

A new height-limited boundary point that coincides with an accepted boundary does not require a PRM.

If a boundary point is required to be referenced, that boundary point must—

The survey must include a minimum of 2 PRMs with reduced levels that are each within the applicable distance in subclause (4) of at least 1 boundary point that is required to be referenced.

The reduced levels in a unit title development must be expressed in terms of the previously deposited CSD for the unit title development.

If an unofficial datum is used, a vertical control mark in accordance with rule 18(2) and (3) must be provided with a reduced level in terms of the unit title development.

A new boundary point on a non-primary parcel, including where it intersects a primary parcel boundary, is not required to be marked.

A new or an old mark on a class A or class B boundary point on a non-primary parcel must be referenced in accordance with rule 32.

The rules in this subpart apply to non-primary parcels over any stream, river, lake, or common marine and coastal area, unless otherwise stated.

A boundary and its associated boundary points of a non-primary parcel within the common marine and coastal area may be class C.

If a new non-primary water boundary coincides with an existing primary parcel water boundary, it may be accepted irrespective of its accuracy or its relationship to the current physical position of the water boundary.

A new non-primary parcel water boundary at MHWS or MLWS may be offset from an accepted water boundary without determining the true relationship between the 2 boundaries.

If a right-line boundary intersects an accepted water boundary,—

If a right-line boundary intersects an offset water boundary (see rule 68),—

If a non-primary parcel is over the bed of a stream, river, or lake, the provisions in rule 51(2) apply.

If class C accuracies have been used for a non-primary parcel in the common marine and coastal area, the provisions in rule 53(2) apply.

A CSD must include—

A survey report must contain the following information:

General information

Bearings and levels

Definition information

Boundary marking

Equipment

Correspondence

A CSD must be certified and dated by the cadastral surveyor as follows:

“I [name], being a licensed cadastral surveyor, certify that—

A distance and a reduced level must be expressed in metres.

A bearing must be expressed in sexagesimal degrees, minutes, and seconds notation, clockwise from north.

A bearing, a distance, a reduced level, and an area must be recorded to sufficient significant figures to reflect the accuracy requirements in these rules.

A horizontal distance and area must be reduced to the ellipsoid used for the official geodetic datum as defined in Schedule 3.

All adopted information, including accepted information other than the conversion of units of measure or the application of a bearing adjustment, must be copied from its source without change.

The source is—

A record of survey must include—

A record of survey must include,—

A record of survey must include—

A record of survey must include the accuracy class of a right-line boundary, an arc boundary, and a height-limited boundary that is mathematically described.

A record of survey must include all survey marks and points used for the purposes of the cadastral survey, but does not have to include accepted boundary points.

New survey marks and points, and renewed, reinstated, or disturbed survey marks, must be given a unique name that consists of the following components in the following order:

An existing survey mark with a name that is not unique may be made unique within the CSD by adding a unique numeric identifier within round brackets before the CSD number.

An undisturbed old mark, removed mark, adopted mark, or point with a unique name must retain that name.

A record of survey must indicate whether a survey mark is disturbed, renewed, or removed.

A record of survey must identify a boundary point that is impracticable to mark in terms of rule 35.

A record of survey must identify whether a survey mark is searched for and not found, or destroyed, but, if that information cannot be recorded in the record of survey, it must be included in the survey report in accordance with rule 72(h).

For any PRM, the record of survey must describe the relationship to ground level and its situation, for example, on a berm, carriageway, kerb, or footpath.

In this rule, occupation means the physical features that describe the extent of an occupier’s use of land.

A record of survey must include the following occupation information in graphic form:

Occupation information must be provided in relation to—

If subclause (3) applies and there is no occupation, a “No Occupation” annotation must be recorded against that boundary point and related boundary lines.

A survey diagram must include—

A survey diagram must—

A movable marginal strip that is included in the CSD must be depicted on a survey diagram as being contained within its underlying primary parcel.

A survey diagram must depict a water boundary, a water centre-line boundary, or an irregular boundary at a scale that—

For a height-limited boundary that is mathematically described, a survey diagram must show sufficient information to enable the relationship between any position on the height-limited boundary surface and any other boundary to be accurately ascertained.

A survey diagram must depict the annotations set out in table 5, clearly related to the relevant parcels.

Table 5: Parcel annotations for survey diagrams

A survey diagram must depict the annotations set out in table 6, clearly related to the relevant boundaries.

Table 6: Boundary annotations for survey diagrams

A survey diagram must include—

Information on a survey diagram must conform to the symbol, line style, and text requirements specified in Schedule 7.

On a survey diagram,—

A title plan must include—

A title plan must include—

The memorandum or schedule must be in tabular form and must include—

A title plan must include information about every existing subject easement that is to be retained (whether in part or whole) and, in the case of a unit title development, every existing appurtenant easement that is to be retained.

The easement information must be provided in tabular form and must include—

A title plan must include a notation for a new covenant or an existing covenant defined on an approved CSD that is to be retained (whether in part or whole).

The notation must include—

A title plan for legalisation purposes must include an area schedule.

The area schedule must be in tabular form and must include—

A title diagram—

A parcel on a title diagram must be represented as a polygon or polyhedron, unless rule 49 allows it to be represented as a centre-line.

A parcel on a title diagram must be depicted in its entirety on at least 1 sheet drawn to scale with—

A title diagram must depict the spatial relationship between each non-primary parcel and its underlying parcels.

A title diagram must depict a new non-primary parcel for an existing interest that is intended to be retained.

However, a title diagram does not need to depict a non-primary parcel representing an existing—

A title diagram must depict an existing estate boundary where it passes through any new primary parcel, clearly annotated with the estate record references.

A title diagram must depict any territorial authority boundary that passes through a parcel, clearly annotated with the names of the relevant territorial authorities.

A title diagram for a unit title or cross lease development must clearly depict the spatial relationship between—

A title diagram must depict an existing estate boundary for a redeveloped unit, clearly annotated with the estate record references.

If a boundary of an existing unit or lease parcel is accepted under rule 58, the title diagram must depict those boundaries and their relationships to other boundaries and structures in the same manner as on the source CSD.

A movable marginal strip that is included in the CSD must be depicted on a title diagram as being contained within its underlying primary parcel.

A title diagram must depict a water boundary, water centre-line boundary, or irregular boundary at a scale that clearly shows its shape and relationship to other boundaries of the parcel.

A title diagram must—

A title diagram must depict a height-limited boundary at a scale that clearly shows the shape and location of the boundary, including vertically, in relation to other boundaries of the parcel.

A title diagram must prominently depict the annotations set out in table 7, as appropriate and clearly related to the relevant parcels.

Table 7: Parcel annotations for title diagrams

A title diagram must prominently depict the annotations set out in table 8, as appropriate and clearly related to the relevant boundaries.

Table 8: Boundary annotations for title diagrams

A title diagram must show—

However, subclause (1) does not apply to—

Information on a title diagram must conform to the symbol, line style, and text requirements specified in Schedule 7.

On a title diagram,—

In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires,—

All affected primary parcel boundaries must be defined by survey and marked, if practicable, unless they can be accepted under rule 15.

A boundary affected by fault zone movement must reflect that distortion and may include the creation of new boundary angles.

Boundaries being defined by survey in greater Christchurch must take into account Canterbury earthquake movement.

If an affected water boundary is to be retained in its former position under rule 10(2) or (3), the boundary must be accepted.

If an affected water centre-line boundary is to be retained in its former position under rule 11(2), the boundary must be accepted.

This rule applies if the underlying parcel is not being created by the survey.

An underlying parcel boundary affected by Canterbury earthquake movement with class A or class B boundaries must be defined by survey and marked, if practicable, if a new non-primary parcel boundary coincides with or intersects it.

If the underlying parcel boundaries are affected by movement other than Canterbury earthquake movement, the non-primary parcel boundaries may be inaccurately determined and the requirements in rule 51(2) apply.

For a new unit title or cross lease development, a new underlying parcel must be created before a new record of title is issued if—

For an existing unit title development where a record of title for an existing unit is being retained, an underlying affected boundary that is not coincident with or intersected by a new non-primary parcel boundary may be accepted.

A CSD that includes a new non-primary parcel, but not a new underlying parcel, may record the redefinition of a coincident or intersected underlying parcel boundary only if—

If a CSD records a redefinition of an underlying parcel boundary under subclause (1), the title diagram must—

In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, boundary reinstatement survey means a survey that places 1 or more boundary marks on a boundary point or line already defined in an approved CSD and does not create a new parcel.

A CSD that complies with these rules must be lodged within 6 months after the placement of a boundary mark on a boundary reinstatement survey.

A boundary reinstatement survey must not be used if the boundary point being reinstated is—

A complex boundary reinstatement survey must be used for the reinstatement if the boundary point is—

A complex boundary reinstatement survey must comply with rules 16 and 18 to 37 and its CSD must comply with rules 71 to 91.

All other boundary reinstatement surveys may be recorded on a simple boundary reinstatement CSD as specified in subparts 3 and 4.

The decision tree set out below illustrates where complex and simple boundary reinstatement surveys can be used, along with their specific requirements.

A bearing in a simple boundary reinstatement survey does not have to be oriented in terms of an official projection applicable to the area.

Every bearing in a boundary reinstatement CSD must be expressed in terms of the same horizontal projection.

A simple boundary reinstatement survey is not required to connect to a permanent reference mark.

A simple boundary reinstatement CSD must include—

The survey report must state—

A record of survey for a simple boundary reinstatement survey must include—

A reinstatement diagram for a simple boundary reinstatement CSD must include—

Information on a reinstatement diagram must conform to the symbol, line style, and text requirements specified in Schedule 7.